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==Solution 4 (PIE)==
==Solution 4 (PIE)==
Let <math>A_i</math> be the set of permutations such that there is no number greater than <math>i</math> in the first <math>i</math> places. Note that <math>\bigcap^{k}_{i=0}{A_{b_i}}=\prod^k_{i=1}{(b_i-b_{i-1})!}</math> for all <math>1\le b_0 < b_1\cdots < b_k \le 5</math> and that the set of restricted permutations is <math>A_1 \cup A_2 \cup A_3 \cup A_4 \cup A_5</math>.
Let <math>A_i</math> be the set of permutations such that there is no number greater than <math>i</math> in the first <math>i</math> places. Note that <math>\bigcap^{k}_{i=0}{A_{b_i}}=\prod^k_{i=1}{(b_i-b_{i-1})!}</math> for all <math>1\le b_0 < b_1\cdots < b_k \le 5</math> and that the set of restricted permutations is <math>A_1 \cup A_2 \cup A_3 \cup A_4 \cup A_5</math>.


Line 144: Line 143:
\end{align*}
\end{align*}
</cmath>
</cmath>
To finish, <math>720 - 372 + 152 - 28 + 10 - 1 = \boxed{461}</math>
To finish, <math>720 - 372 + 152 - 48 + 10 - 1 = \boxed{461}</math>


{{AIME box|year=2018|n=II|num-b=10|num-a=12}}
{{AIME box|year=2018|n=II|num-b=10|num-a=12}}
{{MAA Notice}}
{{MAA Notice}}

Revision as of 18:22, 24 February 2021

Problem

Find the number of permutations of $1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6$ such that for each $k$ with $1$ $\leq$ $k$ $\leq$ $5$, at least one of the first $k$ terms of the permutation is greater than $k$.

Solution 1

If the first number is $6$, then there are no restrictions. There are $5!$, or $120$ ways to place the other $5$ numbers.


If the first number is $5$, $6$ can go in four places, and there are $4!$ ways to place the other $4$ numbers. $4 \cdot 4! = 96$ ways.


If the first number is $4$, ....

4 6 _ _ _ _ $\implies$ 24 ways

4 _ 6 _ _ _ $\implies$ 24 ways

4 _ _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 24 ways

4 _ _ _ 6 _ $\implies$ 5 must go between $4$ and $6$, so there are $3 \cdot 3! = 18$ ways.

$24 + 24 + 24 + 18 = 90$ ways if 4 is first.


If the first number is $3$, ....

3 6 _ _ _ _ $\implies$ 24 ways

3 _ 6 _ _ _ $\implies$ 24 ways

3 1 _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 4 ways

3 2 _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 4 ways

3 4 _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 6 ways

3 5 _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 6 ways

3 5 _ _ 6 _ $\implies$ 6 ways

3 _ 5 _ 6 _ $\implies$ 6 ways

3 _ _ 5 6 _ $\implies$ 4 ways

$24 + 24 + 4 + 4 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 4 = 84$ ways


If the first number is $2$, ....

2 6 _ _ _ _ $\implies$ 24 ways

2 _ 6 _ _ _ $\implies$ 18 ways

2 3 _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 4 ways

2 4 _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 6 ways

2 5 _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 6 ways

2 5 _ _ 6 _ $\implies$ 6 ways

2 _ 5 _ 6 _ $\implies$ 4 ways

2 4 _ 5 6 _ $\implies$ 2 ways

2 3 4 5 6 1 $\implies$ 1 way


$24 + 18 + 4 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 71$ ways


Grand Total : $120 + 96 + 90 + 84 + 71 = \boxed{461}$

Solution 2

If $6$ is the first number, then there are no restrictions. There are $5!$, or $120$ ways to place the other $5$ numbers.


If $6$ is the second number, then the first number can be $2, 3, 4,$ or $5$, and there are $4!$ ways to place the other $4$ numbers. $4 \cdot 4! = 96$ ways.


If $6$ is the third number, then we cannot have the following:

1 _ 6 _ _ _ $\implies$ 24 ways

2 1 6 _ _ _ $\implies$ 6 ways

$120 - 24 - 6 = 90$ ways

If $6$ is the fourth number, then we cannot have the following:

1 _ _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 24 ways

2 1 _ 6 _ _ $\implies$ 6 ways

2 3 1 6 _ _ $\implies$ 2 ways

3 1 2 6 _ _ $\implies$ 2 ways

3 2 1 6 _ _ $\implies$ 2 ways

$120 - 24 - 6 - 2 - 2 - 2 = 84$ ways

If $6$ is the fifth number, then we cannot have the following:

_ _ _ _ 6 5 $\implies$ 24 ways

1 5 _ _ 6 _ $\implies$ 6 ways

1 _ 5 _ 6 _ $\implies$ 6 ways

2 1 5 _ 6 _ $\implies$ 2 ways

1 _ _ 5 6 _ $\implies$ 6 ways

2 1 _ 5 6 _ $\implies$ 2 ways

2 3 1 5 6 4, 3 1 2 5 6 4, 3 2 1 5 6 4 $\implies$ 3 ways

$120 - 24 - 6 - 6 - 2 - 6 - 2 - 3 = 71$ ways

Grand Total : $120 + 96 + 90 + 84 + 71 = \boxed{461}$

Solution 3 (General Case)

First let us look at the General Case of this kind of Permutation: Consider this kind of Permutation of set \[S=\{1,2,...,n\}\] for arbitrary $n \in N$

It is easy to count the total number of the permutation ($N$) of $S$: \[N=n!\] For every $i \in S$, we can divide $S$ into two subsets: \[S_{1\to i}=\{1,2,...i\}; S_{i+1\to n}=\{i+1,i+2,...,n\}\] Define permutation $P$ as the permutation satisfy the condition of this problem. Then according to the condition of this problem, for each $i\in \{1,2,...,n-1\}$, $P$ is not a permutation of set $S_{1\to i}$. For each $i\in \{1,2,...,n\}$, mark the number of permutation $P$ of set $S$ as $P_{k}$, where $k=i$, mark the number of permutation $P$ for set $S_{i+1\to n}$ as $P_{i}$; then, according to the condition of this problem, the permutation for $S_{i+1\to n}$ is unrestricted, so the number of the unrestricted permutation of $S_{i+1\to n}$ is $(n-i)!$. As a result, for each $i\in \{1,2,...,n\}$, the total number of permutation $P$ is \[P_{k}=P_{i}(n-i)!\] Notice that according to the condition of this problem, if you sum all $P_{k}$ up, you will get the total number of permutation of $S$, that is, \[N=\sum^{n}_{k=1}{P_{k}}=\sum^{n}_{i=1}{P_{i}(n-i)!}=n!\] Put $n=1,2,3,...,6$, we will have \[P_{1}=1\] \[P_{2}=1\] \[P_{3}=3\] \[P_{4}=13\] \[P_{5}=71\] \[P_{6}=461\] So the total number of permutations satisify this problem is $P_{6}=\boxed{461}$.

~Solution by $BladeRunnerAUG$ (Frank FYC)

Solution 4 (PIE)

Let $A_i$ be the set of permutations such that there is no number greater than $i$ in the first $i$ places. Note that $\bigcap^{k}_{i=0}{A_{b_i}}=\prod^k_{i=1}{(b_i-b_{i-1})!}$ for all $1\le b_0 < b_1\cdots < b_k \le 5$ and that the set of restricted permutations is $A_1 \cup A_2 \cup A_3 \cup A_4 \cup A_5$.

We will compute the cardinality of this set with PIE. \begin{align*} &|A_1| + |A_2| + |A_3| + |A_4| + |A_5|\\ = &120 + 48 + 36 + 48 + 120 = 372\\ \\ &|A_1 \cap A_2| + |A_1 \cap A_3| + |A_1 \cap A_4| + |A_1 \cap A_5| + |A_2 \cap A_3|\\ + &|A_2 \cap A_4| + |A_2 \cap A_5| + |A_3 \cap A_4| + |A_3 \cap A_5| + |A_4 \cap A_5|\\=&24+12+12+24+12+8+12+12+12+24=152\\ \\ &|A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3| + |A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_4| + |A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_5| + |A_1 \cap A_3 \cap A_4| + |A_1 \cap A_3 \cap A_5|\\ +& |A_1 \cap A_4 \cap A_5| + |A_2 \cap A_3 \cap A_4| + |A_2 \cap A_3 \cap A_5| + |A_2 \cap A_4 \cap A_5| + |A_3 \cap A_4 \cap A_5|\\=&6 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 6 = 48\\ \\ &|A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3 \cap A_4| + |A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3 \cap A_5| + |A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_4 \cap A_5| + |A_1 \cap A_3 \cap A_4 \cap A_5| + |A_2 \cap A_3 \cap A_4 \cap A_5|\\=&2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 10\\ \\ &|A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3 \cap A_4 \cap A_5| = 1 \end{align*} To finish, $720 - 372 + 152 - 48 + 10 - 1 = \boxed{461}$

2018 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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